Saturday, August 29, 2009

The Bradshaw Variations by Rachel Cusk / Review by Hilary Mantel

 



The Bradshaw Variations by Rachel Cusk

Hilary Mantel is delighted by a subtle evocation of family life

Hilary Mantel
Saturday 29 August 2009

I

n 2005 Rachel Cusk wrote an article about a book group she had joined. It met each month and was women only. She found that these readers divided books into two types: heavy-going, not heavy-going. When they put Chekhov's short stories in the former group, Cusk broke out in impatience: "Oh, for heaven's sake, I said. What do you want? Lies? More books about time-travel, or some past that never existed, or people who grow wings and fly around the place? Or happy endings, or characters the like of which you'll never meet in your life, or books about things that never actually happen to people?"

So we know what kinds of books she doesn't admire. Down with the past, down with the future, down with the fantastical, the far-flung, the feathery: on your bike, Tolstoy, Shakespeare, Milton - and take the brothers Grimm with you. From what she writes herself, we deduce what she would like the book group women to do: take a look at what goes on daily in their own kitchens. She writes to rebut the idea that domestic life, as subject matter, is trivial and whimsical; no one, after all, finds these defects in John Updike. But she is no grime-addict. Her interiors whisper and shiver, as if Virginia Woolf had flitted through. The hours of the day pass through the body of a house, "the sun moving in golden panels across the floorboards".

The action of her seventh novel occupies one year, September to September, and the story is about three brothers, their families and their parents: Thomas, aged 41, newly deployed as a househusband; Antonia his wife, newly promoted to head of her English department; Thomas's elder brother Howard, his younger brother Leo, their various households. Cusk inspects the sibling bond with the thoroughness Ivy Compton Burnett used to bring to the job. Like that author she has an eye, and an ear, for tyrants and manipulators. This is a short novel, and we would like to know the characters better. The more monstrous they are, the more we would like to know them. The father of the three brothers is a lifelong bully of a very particular type: "Leo hears it, that tone, the way it goes over everything, and mechanically levels it, like a tank ... He has never heard his father raise his voice. There has been no need to raise it." There is the teenage daughter who tosses her mane of hair like a recalcitrant Shetland pony, and has "the same spirit of animal vigour about her, the same disproportion of flesh to rationality". Cusk is curt and merciless with her own creations. Even a needy Jack Russell pup has his character scrutinised, and earns his fate, his blackly farcical comeuppance.

Thomas the househusband is learning to play the piano, and the musical references are insistent, as if Cusk thought they were what would hold the novel together; but what holds it together is the skewering quality of her observation. The piano lessons and rehearsals point to another, larger preoccupation - the novel begins by asking "What is art?" The question really is what is it for these people? There is a comic portrait of a mother who insists she is a lapsed artist, and would get to "my studio" if only the chains of duty were looser. Her studio is perhaps too near her house. We know she is compromised, she is self-deluding, she will always arrange some childcare crisis that will prevent her going down the garden path to confront her malnourished talent. Art will never fail these people, but they will fail themselves. They have the intelligence to examine their lives and diagnose what they lack, but they do not have the force of will to grasp what they need. They find it hard to break out of the shell of self, and imagine others as fully alive; they share food, share beds, but there are vast unexplored spaces between them, where their illusions go to shrivel up and die.

It is the author's mix of scorn and compassion that is so bracing. Sometimes she complicates simple things, snarling them in a cat's cradle of abstraction, but just as often, a sentence rewards with its absolute and unexpected precision. A child's eyes are "brown, tawny: in the half-light they seem rich with age, like mahogany". The best moments in her novel are moments of stillness, when the whole of a family, a house, a season, seems suspended, as if in a drop of water for us to examine: "It is October, and the garden is gilded with yellow light. The grass is sodden in the mornings ... She watches the children playing after school in the crisp late afternoon. Their bodies have lost the fluidity of summer, though the weather is fine. They move around the rectangle of lawn in their uniforms, laughing and jostling, throwing sticks for Skittle and laughing when he bounces up to catch them smartly between his jaws. Later, when they have come in and the garden is wrapped in its blue-grey pall of evening, Claudia looks through the window and sees Skittle cavorting alone in the indistinct light. He leaps in the air, his jaw snapping at invisible sticks. She watches his white twisted form, suspended. She can hear the murmur of television from the other room."

It is a reverential moment, like the moment captured in Carol Ann Duffy's poem "Prayer", and it is a virtuoso moment: see how the word "cavorting" traps the leap, the curved and compact form of the dog. It stays on the inner eye, transformative, when the incidents of the story have died away. Cusk's preoccupations, no doubt, are elitist, her narratives slight, her stylistic ambition pronounced. On each of these counts she has received her measure of dislike and distrust from critics and readers. In a review last year of her Italian memoir The Last Supper, Alexander Chancellor ended by saying plaintively: "I sometimes wish that Cusk would hide her cleverness a little." Now why would she want to do that? She has a task and she applies herself to it soberly: the trapping, if only in a mirrored surface, of some fragment of reality that might yield a truth about the whole.

 Hilary Mantel's Wolf Hall is published by Fourth Estate.

THE GUARDIAN


Thursday, August 27, 2009

Obituaries / Edward Goldsmith


Goldsmith: his 1972 book Blueprint for Survival called for a world order based on small, self-sufficient communities Photograph: The Ecologist

Obituary

Edward Goldsmith

Environmental campaigner and writer who founded The Ecologist magazine

Walter Schwarz
Thursday 27 August 2009 20.20 BST


Edward Goldsmith, who has died aged 80, was an influential environmental scholar, polemicist and campaigner who founded and edited the Ecologist. A special issue in 1972, Blueprint for Survival, proposing the formation of a movement for sustainability, was published as a book, sold 750,000 copies in 17 languages and led to the foundation of the People party, later the Ecology party, which eventually became the Green party.
Blueprint for Survival was a call for a new world order founded not on economic growth but on stable populations of small, self-sufficient communities, similar to those that Goldsmith had seen in his early travels. "I began to see that the survival of primitive people and of the environment were inseparable," he wrote at the time. "Primitive people were disappearing. So was wildlife. I realised that the root problem was economic development. So I decided to start a paper to explore these issues."
However, Goldsmith's extremist, conservative philosophy, opposed to economic development and globalisation in favour of local self-sufficiency, later marginalised him in the green movement, whose politics were moving leftwards. While greens welcomed the Channel tunnel as investment in public transport, he damned it as "designed to further increase our economic activity, exacerbating our rapidly deteriorating environment".
Goldsmith was influenced by the sociological writings of Karl Polanyi, which emphasised the way economies are embedded in society and culture. His travels with his millionaire college friend John Aspinall introduced him to tribal communities on which his later thinking was based. The Ecologist, founded in 1969 and edited by Goldsmith from 1970 to 1989 and 1997-98, was partly financed by his younger brother, James, the billionaire financier.
For all his gloomy prognostication and his passionate commitment to protest, Goldsmith was a gregarious and exuberant bon vivant, a gifted raconteur who hosted parties in his homes in rural Cornwall, London, Paris and the south of France. His sociability, energy and charismatic charm won over even his most bitter critics. He liked to recall that, after attempting a business career in Paris, and failing, he gave his share of the family inheritance to his brother, an investment that laid the foundation for James's fortune and, indirectly, his own prosperity.
Edward Goldsmith

Goldsmith's passion for anti-science and his love of good company and good living combined in his foundation, with Denis de Rougement, Gerard Morgan-Grenville and others, of Ecoropa, a travelling debating society of scientists and writers which met convivially in pleasant parts of France, Italy and Spain and Germany.
His extreme social conservatism led Goldsmith at one stage to give support to an extreme rightwing, racist group in France. That, in part, led to Nicholas Hildyard's departure in 1997 from the Ecologist, which was then edited for 10 years by Goldsmith's nephew, James's son Zac.
Zac Goldsmith, environmental adviser to the Conservative party and prospective parliamentary candidate in Richmond Park, said his uncle "was responsible more than anyone else for waking us from our collective slumber. Radical ideas are no longer so radical – the credit crunch has made that obvious. If we pull through the environmental crisis, we all owe Teddy Goldsmith a debt of gratitude. He never regarded his work and status as ends in themselves, just a means to an end, an approach that today's politicians would do well to emulate."
The environmentalist Jonathon Porritt said: "Teddy was the first person who articulated the essence of sustainability in a complete and uncompromising way. He never worried about realistic possibilities. His mission was to have it all. Not always the most accommodating, but he was at his best applying scientific rigour to a problem."
Goldsmith was the son of Frank Goldsmith, Conservative MP for Stowmarket, Suffolk, from 1910 until 1918 who later ran luxury hotels in France. He was educated at Millfield school and Queen's College, Nassau. At Magdalen College, Oxford, he got a third-class degree in politics, philosophy and economics.
He began campaigning, in flamboyant style, in the February 1974 general election when he stood as the People party candidate at Eye, Suffolk. In protests against intensive farming which degraded the soil, he and his supporters paraded with a camel borrowed from Aspinall's private zoo, bearing the slogan "No Deserts in Suffolk. Vote Goldsmith." Few people did, he lost his deposit and retreated to a Cornish village from where he edited the Ecologist until 1989.
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Goldsmith soon returned to egregious protest when the Central Electricity Board tried to test-dig for a nuclear power station five miles from his home. As the diggers arrived, he blocked the entrance to the site by installing his desk and sat in his chair dictating letters to a secretary. The police declined to intervene and the project was eventually abandoned. In 1979 he contested Cornwall and Plymouth in the European parliamentary election for the Ecology party.
In the 1980s he directed some of his fiercest attacks towards the World Bank, which he saw as financing illusory progress by forcing developing countries to export food while destroying their natural ability to grow it. In an open letter to Tom Clausen, the bank's president, he told him to "stop financing the destruction of the tropical world, the devastation of its remaining forests, the extermination of its wildlife, and the impoverishment and starvation of its human inhabitants".
Another of Goldsmith's targets was big dams, which he saw as spreading poverty by flooding the lands of the poor for the benefit of wealthy industrialists and exporters. Goldsmith and Hildyard published a three-volume study: The Social and Environmental Effects of Large Dams (1984-92), which was later quoted in protests against dams in other countries.
Yet another consistent target was the UN's food and agricultural organisation, which Goldsmith claimed was controlled by multinational agro-industrial companies. He wrote: "Development may be designed to combat poverty, but it is in fact creating poverty. The main cause of poverty today is environmental degradation caused by economic development. Most people who live in the world's great slums are development refugees."
To combat what he saw as destructive economic development, Goldsmith elaborated his own spiritual philosophy. In his 1992 book The Way, he sought to expand Fritz Schumacher's notion of "Buddhist economics" based on "right livelihood" and "the middle way". Arguing that evolution was "purposeful, not for humans but for the planet", he set forth 66 precepts for "right living," warning against being "blinded by science which is itself a faith and has become an enemy. Ecology is also a faith – in the wisdom of those forces which created us with extraordinary benefits – and in our ability to develop cultural patterns that will enable us to maintain the integrity and wisdom of the natural world."
He saw scientists in their white coats as having "all the attributes of religion – faith, dogma and priesthood". Questioning the notion of objective knowledge, he pointed out that "man is a participant, not an objective observer". Few anthropologists would agree with Goldsmith that traditional societies do not change, but there is perhaps more sympathy for his central thesis that the natural world has wisdom greater than human.
Goldsmith, who was bilingual, launched a French edition of the Ecologist and co-edited a volume in French, La Médicine à la Question (1981). He also created versions of the Ecologist in Spain, Brazil, India and New Zealand. Other books included Can Britain Survive? (1971), The Earth Report (1988, co-edited with Hildyard), 5,000 Days to Save the Planet (1990, with Hildyard and others) and The Case Against the Global Economy (1996, edited with Jerry Mander). He received the Right Livelihood award and was made a Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur for his services to France.
Goldsmith is survived by the son and two daughters from his first marriage, to Gillian Pretty, and by his second wife, Katherine James, and their two sons.
• Edward René David Goldsmith, environmentalist, writer and editor, born 8 November 1928; died 21 August 2009


Wednesday, August 19, 2009

Photographer Chris Levine's best shot / The Queen


A portrait of Queen Elizabeth II with her eyes closed. Photograph: Chris Levine

Photographer Chris Levine's best shot

'I asked her to rest between shots – it was a moment of stillness that just happened'

Andrew Pulver
Wed 19 Aug 2009


I
was commissioned to make a holographic portrait of the Queen in 2004, as part of Jersey's celebrations of its 800-year-old relationship with the monarchy. She was tickled by the idea of having a hologram done. I assumed there would be layers of bureaucracy when it came to telling her what to do — but the truth is, if she wants to be involved, it goes straight on to her desk. She is in control, there's no question about that.

Wednesday, August 12, 2009

Elizabeth Kolbert / Field Notes from a Catastrophe / Review by Anushka Ashana


Feeling the heat

Anushka Asthana on Field Notes from a Catastrophe
Field Notes from a Catastrophe
by Elizabeth Kolbert

Anushka Asthana
Sunday 12 August 2007 23.55 BST

The Inuit people of Banks Island have no word to describe what we know as a robin. After all, the islanders, 500 miles inside the Arctic Circle, deep in Canada's Northwest Territories, had never seen the creatures until they suddenly turned up in numbers a few years ago. 'We just thought, "Oh gee, it's warming up a little bit,"' islander John Keogak tells Elizabeth Kolbert. 'It was good at the start - warmer winters, you know - but now everything is going so fast.'

Tuesday, July 21, 2009

Portrait of the artist / Michael Rosen / 'Kids don't get the chance to enjoy poetry'

Michael Rosen in his London studio.
Photograph byFelix Clay


Portrait of the artist

Michael Rosen

Writer



'Kids don't get the chance to enjoy poetry. They're too busy counting adjectives'


Laura Barnett
Tuesday 21 July 2009 00.05 BST




What got you started?
My parents. Both were teachers, and they believed poetry was a vital part of what you could offer kids. We had poems floating around the house, either on the shelves, or on vinyl and tapes – recordings of Dylan Thomas, Richard Burton and Robert Graves.
What was your big breakthrough?
Seeing my play Backbone put on at the Royal Court theatre in London in 1969, when I was still at university. I was overwhelmed: I'd sit in the audience, not quite knowing why I was there.
What one piece of music would feature on the soundtrack to your life?
Miles Davis's Freddie Freeloader. It gets your goosepimples going.
Is there a lot of backstabbing in the poetry world?
Not in the children's poetry world – but yes, in the adult world. I was stunned by that whole Oxford poetry thing [the row between poets Derek Walcott and Ruth Padel]. It can't possibly matter that much. I was once involved in similar silliness myself, and Roger McGough put me down and said: "Is it good for poetry? If it isn't, shush." He was quite right.
What's the greatest threat to poetry today?
Comprehension questions in schools. Kids don't get the chance to get up and perform poetry, and enjoy it, because they're too busy counting adjectives and spotting metaphors.
What advice would you give a young poet?
Keep reading and listening to other poets. Don't think you've cracked it, because you never have.
Is there an art form you don't relate to?
Classical ballet. I can't see the emotion behind the movements; all I can see is pointy toes.
What work of art would you most like to own?
Netherlandish Proverbs, the painting by Bruegel. It was on our wall when I was a kid. It's such a wonderful idea: a visual manifestation of the oral wisdom of the people through their proverbs.
What's the best advice anyone ever gave you?
I used to show my dad a poem and he'd go: "Hmm, keep writing, lad." He was absolutely right: you have to keep bashing away at it.
What's the biggest myth about poetry?
That all of it is too hard. Some of it is – if you dive straight into Paradise Lost, it's pretty difficult – but not all of it.
What's the worst thing anyone has ever said about you?
A critic once described me as a "mere entertainer". But I didn't take it as an insult – being an entertainer is incredibly difficult.
Is there anything about your career you regret?
No, no, no. I've been just so crazily fortunate.
In short
Born: Harrow, 1946.
Career: Has published more than 140 books. Was appointed children's laureate in 2007. The stage adaptation of his book We're Going On a Bear Hunt is at the Duchess, London WC2 (0844 412 4659), until 16 August.
High point: "Being given the laureateship."
Low point: "In 1990, when the big conglomerates moved into the children's book world, and I saw five of my titles wiped out overnight."









Wednesday, June 24, 2009

My best shot / Martin Schreiber / Madonna


'She was very comfortable with her body, and with being shot by 15 students' ...
Madonna, photographed by Martin Schreiber

Photographer Martin Schreiber's best shot



'I needed a nude and a 20-year-old called Madonna showed up. She got $30'

Hannah Pool
Wed 24 jun 2009


I
n 1979, I was teaching nude photography at Parsons school in New York. I needed models for the course – and one day a 20-year-old called Madonna Ciccone showed up. She was just another citizen, a girl trying to make ends meet. She was quiet, taciturn. I'm not sure it was something she enjoyed. She did it for the money, in this case $30. She was relaxed, composed, did as asked. Some people are stiff, some are there to do a job, some give a little more. She was in the middle: she did what she was told but nothing extra.

I was into the body as a sculptural form in those days. I'd bend or twist models to see what I could create. It was experimental. She was very comfortable with her body, and with being shot by 15 students. When you're doing nudes, you have to have everything planned. The model has to be comfortable or you won't get a lot out of her. It was February and I had two heaters on to keep her warm.
In January 1985, I saw her on the cover of Interview magazine and thought: "Wow, I know her." Five months later, she was on the cover of Time magazine – as Madonna. I called the art director at Penthouse. One thing led to another and, eventually, Playboy published a series of photographs, in September 1985.
Shooting nudes is tricky. What are you trying to do? When is it a nude; when is it erotica? There is nothing erotic about these pictures. Erotica suggests sex; these pictures don't suggest sex. They are studies of the body – it's sculpture with a camera. Currently, I'm doing a series of nudes of women over 50. I want to show that their bodies are beautiful.
If I had my time again, I would have done more with her, changed the lighting, with maybe a bit more on her face, or tried a longer lens. I'd love to shoot her again in exactly the same positions – to see how she has evolved.
Curriculum vitae
Born: Prague, 1946.
Studied: "Fort Monmonth, New Jersey. I was drafted, then went to army photo lab school."
Inspiration: "Bill Brandt did great nudes. ­Peter Lindberg does great work, too."
High point: "Now – but also when my first book came out in 1981."
Low point: "When you don't work or don't sell. When you have a show and nothing ­happens."
Dream subject: "I'd love to travel and photograph indigenous peoples."




Tuesday, June 23, 2009

Claire Keegan wins €25,000 Davy Byrnes award

 

Claire Keegan

Claire Keegan wins €25,000 Davy Byrnes award

CLAIRE KEEGAN was last night announced the winner of the €25,000 Davy Byrnes Irish Writing Award 2009, at a presentation in the…


Rosita Boland
Tuesday June 23, 2009

CLAIRE KEEGAN was last night announced the winner of the €25,000 Davy Byrnes Irish Writing Award 2009, at a presentation in the Dublin pub made famous by Joyce.

Keegan's winning short story, Foster, was chosen from a shortlist of six writers by American fiction writer Richard Ford. Ford was not present, but Caroline Walsh, Literary Editor of The Irish Times, read from his winning citation, in which he praised the writer's "sparkling talent".

" Fosterputs on display an imposing array of formal beauties at the service of a deep and profound talent. It tells a conceivably simple story – a young child given up to grieving foster parents and then woefully wrested home again.

“Claire Keegan makes the reader sure that there are no simple stories, and that art is essential to life.”

Ford wrote of Keegan’s “thrilling” instinct for the right words and her “patient attention to life’s vast consequence and finality”.

Walsh presented the award, organised by literary magazine The Stinging Flyand administered by Declan Meade, in association with The Irish Times, and sponsored by Davy Byrnes.


Accepting the prize, Keegan (41) told the thronged room that on the day of the February deadline to submit entries, it snowed in Wexford, where she lives, and she couldn’t get her car out to go to the post office. Thus she walked across the snowy fields until she found a postbox, and had dropped the envelope into it before belatedly tormenting herself by wondering how the postman was going to collect it that day. But clearly the Wexford postmen are undaunted by a few snowflakes, and her story duly made it to Dublin in time.

What will she do with her winnings? “I might buy a new desk,” she confessed modestly. “I have two sort of half-desks taped together at the moment, so I might go mad and buy a new one.”

Keegan, whose rural upbringing on a Wicklow farm has consistently informed her sensibility as a writer, has published two collections of short stories, Antarctica(1999) and Walk the Blue Fields(2007). She studied at Loyola University in New Orleans, the University of Wales, and Trinity College Dublin. Among her many previous awards are the Macaulay Fellowship, The Rooney Prize for Irish Literature, and the William Trevor Prize, judged by William Trevor himself.

Runners-up Mary Leland, Molly McCloskey, Eoin McNamee, Kathleen Murray, and Susan Stairs were each presented with €1,000. The competition attracted an entry of more than 800 stories, 30 of which were selected as a longlist for Ford to adjudicate.

This is the second time Davy Byrnes has sponsored the competition: the first was in 2004, and the winner on that occasion, Anne Enright, has since won the Man Booker Prize.

IRISH TIMES


Saturday, June 20, 2009

Man Booker Prize 1990 / Possession by AS Byatt

MAN BOOKER PRIZE 1990

Booker club: Possession by AS Byatt

Book club: A zest for pastiche


John Mullan on Possession by AS Byatt. Week one: satire

John Mullan
Saturday 20 June 2009


B
efore AS Byatt wrote Possession she had been teaching English literature at University College London, and it is often observed that her fiction has an academic quality. Possession is seamed with learning and allusion, like the writing of Randolph Henry Ash, the great Victorian poet whom it creates. Yet this story, whose hero and heroine, Roland and Maud, are academic researchers, is an acid satire on academia. Sometimes it offers secret pleasures of recognition to those readers who might have been through the same seminars and known the same professional absurdities as the author herself.

Famously, Byatt has composed passages of 19th-century verse for her two poets, and has invented extracts from Victorian journals and letters. Her zest for pastiche also runs to academic documents. Possession includes mock versions of academic citations and titles, footnotes to scholarly editions and even extracts from imaginary critical essays. Christabel LaMotte, whose unsuspected love affair with Randolph Ash is discovered in the course of the novel, has been made the possession of feminist literary criticism, which is the special target of Byatt's satire. Her poetry is analysed in articles with titles such as "A Docile Rage: Christabel LaMotte's Ambivalent Domesticity" or "Melusina, Builder of Cities: a Subversive Female Cosmogony". Maud herself has written the latter; she is destined to find the more human truth about her chosen author.
Like many satirists, Byatt has given us representative "characters" of a profession. There is the dour Professor James Blackadder, who at Cambridge learned the arts of discouraging aspiring students at the feet of FR Leavis. (The novel includes a vivid cameo of one of Leavis's classes at Downing College, where the "lean and agile don" gives a crowded room of undergraduates a demonstration of "analytic brilliance" by enticing them into errors.)

There is the irresistible Fergus Wolff, who has trumped Roland to the only tenured job in the English department of Prince Albert College by developing a specious expertise in literary theory. He has used post-structuralism to seduce Maud at a conference in Paris on "Gender and the Autonomous Text". His own paper on "the phallogocentric structuration of Balzac's hermaphrodite heroines" shows him au fait with the theories of French critic Luce Irigaray, and allows him to lure Maud to his hotel bedroom. ("We two are the most intelligent people here, you know".)
And there are the Americans. The villain of Possession is Professor Mortimer P Cropper of Robert Dale Owen University in New Mexico, who uses his wiles and the unlimited wealth of his institution to take possession of Ash. He invites the knowing reader to think of those rich American universities that have acquired status by buying up the manuscripts of famous British authors. Rather less odious is his compatriot, Leonora Stern, Professor of Women's Studies at the University of Tallahassee. Large, loud and irrepressible, Leonora has made a successful career of finding traces of repressed erotic feeling in Victorian women's writing. Naturally, Leonora's intellectual bravado cloaks ignorance in humbler matters: when she receives a crucial letter about Christabel LaMotte from a French woman she has to ask Maud to perform a close translation. "I got the general gist of it ... What it is to have an English education."

Some of the satire will be obscure to the majority of readers. Leonora's first husband, we learn, was "a happily meticulous New Critic" who "had totally failed to survive Leonora and the cut-throat ideological battles" of literary theory. Only academic readers will recognise that the school of criticism to which poor Nathaniel Stern belonged - dedicated to the fine nuances of highly wrought literary texts - was as doomed as his marriage. Leonora has decided that "the empowering force" behind Christabel LaMotte's writing was her "lesbian sexuality". This, of course, is in the absence of evidence of any actual lesbian attachment. Writing to Maud to persuade her to take part in an academic conference on "the study of the female erotic in nineteenth-century poetry", Leonora acknowledges that ... "I accept that her inhibitions made her characteristically devious and secret." Many a reader who has studied English at university since the 1980s will have enjoyed recognising the recent academic habit of finding evidence for a theory in the very lack of evidence.
The narrative of Possession is an admonition to the literary academic. Roland explains to Maud that he works on Ash's poems be cause they were "what stayed alive, when I'd been taught and examined everything else". "That's it," she replies. "What could survive our education." Roland and Maud uncover an unsuspected love affair between two long-dead writers. In doing so, they show - empirically, irrefutably - that the most sophisticated academic analyses of LaMotte's and Ash's work have been wrong. Literary academics, it seems, invite satire, for they bring most ingenuity to what they cannot know.
• John Mullan is professor of English at University College London.