The 100 best novels
written in English
No 47
Babbitt
by Sinclair Lewis (1922)
What it lacks in structure and guile, this enthralling take on 20s America makes up for in vivid satire and characterisation
Robert McCrum
Monday 11 August 2014
Babbitt, dedicated to Edith Wharton, was published in the same year as Ulysses (No 46 in this series) and likewise explores the passage through life of a middle-aged man. Coincidentally, the opening chapters follow the eponymous house agent's life during a single day. However, George F Babbitt, a self-intoxicated bully from the fictional city of Zenith, is a world away from Dublin's childless cuckold, Leopold Bloom. Similarly, Babbitt, a satire on 20s America by the controversial Sinclair Lewis, was a bestselling entertainment (the antecedents of which are found in Mark Twain, No 23 in this series) with an artistic intention far removed from Joyce's "silence, exile and cunning".
Yet, in his own way, Lewis took his writing very seriously, researching and annotating his subjects to the point where imagination often got forced aside. Introducing the novel to English readers, Hugh Walpole, a now forgotten literary figure of the 20s, declared that the first 50 pages are "difficult, the dialogue strange, the American business atmosphere obscure". But once the book takes hold, it becomes enthralling. Babbitt may be short on structure and narrative guile, but it's full of larger-than-life characters and vivid satire. "Babbittry", denoting a certain kind of bogus sales pitch, became part of the inter-war American lexicon. John Updike, who may feature later in this series, nods to this in his sequence of novels about "Rabbit" Angstrom, also a salesman. Both are writing about the American dream.
For Lewis, however, it's a socio-economic cul-de-sac from which he wants his heroes – George Babbitt, Elmer Gantry and the rest – decisively to break out. Similar desires might be said to animate the inner lives of some Arthur Miller protagonists, especially Willy Loman.
In Main Street, his acclaimed satire on the dullness of life in Gopher Prairie, Lewis had already challenged the romance of small-town America. In Babbitt he took on the midwestern, middle-sized city, and its ecology of American enterprise, celebrated in the term "boosterism".
Lewis recognised that these places, and their inhabitants, were not immune to social instability or economic depression, and that "boosting" these mid-American towns, and their stultifying way of life, offered no guarantee of stability after the upheavals of the first world war. When Babbitt comes to resent the middle-class prison of respectability in which he finds himself, striving to find meaning in an existence made trivial by mammon, the novel takes wing. His revolt resolves itself on his return to society, after a period of defiance and ostracism. He has been purged and renewed and, in the words of his son, is now "really going to be human".
Babbitt's adventures, narrated episodically, are designed to illustrate Lewis's argument and to cohere into a persuasive satire against US bourgeois conformity. Babbitt, like Galsworthy's Forsyte, whom – spoiler alert – I have chosen not to include in this series, is a symbol of American capitalism; Lewis a key transitional figure from Twain, especially, to the great postwar writers of the 1940s and 50s.
A note on the text
Babbitt, Lewis's eighth novel, was published in a hardback edition of some 400 pages in 1922. It was an immediate bestseller, and "Babbitt" entered the language to denote a "person and especially a business or professional man who conforms unthinkingly to prevailing middle-class standards".
In its first year of publication, Babbitt sold almost 150,000 copies in the United States, becoming a notable bestseller (a term then coming into vogue). Lewis had already enjoyed astonishing success with Main Street (1920). Inevitably, both books were contrasted, with opinion fairly equally divided. HL Mencken, the great American critic and columnist from Baltimore, adopted the cause of Babbitt, declaring himself "an old professor of Babbittry". Mencken brushed past Lewis's satire to find a passionate work of realism, in which George F Babbitt becomes a crucial archetype, representing those inter-war American city dwellers, sold on Republican conformity. Babbitt, according to Mencken, stood for everything that was wrong with American society.
Nevertheless, Babbitt fever swept the American reading public, and also caught the eye of critics, poets and writers. Vachel Lindsay wrote a poem entitled The Babbitt Jamboree, and in 1927 the English writer CEM Joad published The Babbitt Warren, a critique of US society. Babbitt is part of the reason Lewis was awarded the Nobel prize for literature in 1930, the first American novelist to receive the honour.
Three more from Sinclair Lewis
Main Street (1920); Arrowsmith (1925); Elmer Gantry (1927).
THE GUARDIAN
THE 100 BEST NOVELS WRITTEN IN ENGLISH
036 The Golden Bowl by Henry James (1904)
040 Zuleika Dobson by Max Beerbohm (1915)
041 The Good Soldier by Ford Madox Ford (1915)
042 The Thirty-Nine Steps by John Buchan (1915)
043 The Rainbow by DH Lawrence (1915)
044 Of Human Bondage by W Somerset Waugham (1915)
045 The Age of Innocence by Edith Warthon (1920)
046 Ulysses by James Joyce (1922)
047 Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis (1922)
048 A Pasage to India by EM Forster (1922)
049 Gentlemen Prefer Blondes by Anita Loss ( 1925)
050 Mrs Dalloway by Virginia Woolf (1925)
051 The Great Gatsby by F Scott Fitzgerald (1925)
070 Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell (1949)
085 The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath (1966)
THE 100 BEST NOVELS WRITTEN IN ENGLISH
001 The Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan (1678)
002 Robinson Crusoe by Danie Defoe (1719)
003 Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift (1726)
004 Clarissa by Samuel Richardson (1748)
005 Tom Jones by Henry Fielding (1749)
007 Emma by Jane Austen (1816)
008 Frankenstein by Mary Shelley (1818)
009 Nightmare Abbey by Thomas Love Peacock(1818)
011 Sybil by Benjamin Disraeli (1845)
012 Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontë (1847)
013 Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë (1847)
014 Fair by William Thackeray (1848)
015 David Copperfield by Charles Dickens (1850)
016 The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne (1850)
017 Moby-Dick by Herman Melville (1851)
019 The Moonstone by Wilkie Collins (1868)
020 Little Women by Louisa May Alcott (1868-9)
021 Middlemarch by George Eliot (1871-2)
023 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain (1884/5)
024 Kidnapped by Robert Louis Stevenson (1886)
025 Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K Jerome (1889)
026 The Sign of Four by Arthur Conan Doyle (1890)
027 The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde (1891)
028 New Grub Street by George Gissing (1891)
029 Jude the Obscure by Thomas Hardy (1895)
030 The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane (1895)
031 Dracula by Bram Stoker (1897)
032 Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad (1899)
033 Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser (1900)
034 Kim by Rudyard Kipling (1901)
035 The Call of the Wild by Jack London (1903)036 The Golden Bowl by Henry James (1904)
037 Hadrian the Seventh by Frederick Rolfe (1904)
038 The Wind in the Willows by Kenneth Grahame (1908)
039 The History of Mr Polly by HG Wells (1910)040 Zuleika Dobson by Max Beerbohm (1915)
041 The Good Soldier by Ford Madox Ford (1915)
042 The Thirty-Nine Steps by John Buchan (1915)
043 The Rainbow by DH Lawrence (1915)
044 Of Human Bondage by W Somerset Waugham (1915)
045 The Age of Innocence by Edith Warthon (1920)
046 Ulysses by James Joyce (1922)
047 Babbitt by Sinclair Lewis (1922)
048 A Pasage to India by EM Forster (1922)
049 Gentlemen Prefer Blondes by Anita Loss ( 1925)
050 Mrs Dalloway by Virginia Woolf (1925)
051 The Great Gatsby by F Scott Fitzgerald (1925)
053 The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway (1926)
055 As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner (1930)
070 Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell (1949)
071 The End of the Affair by Graham Greene (1951)
072 The Catcher in the Rye by Salinger (1951)
073 The Adventures of Augie March by Saul Bellow (1953)
074 Lord of the Flies by William Golding (1954)
075 Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov (1955)
076 On the Road by Jack Kerouac (1957)
077 Voss by Patrick White (1957)
078 To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee (1960)
080 Catch-22 by Joseph Heller (1961)
081 The Golden Notebook by Doris Lessing (1962)
082 A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess (1962)
083 A Single Man by Christopher Isherwood (1964)
084 In Cold Blood by Truman Capote (1966)085 The Bell Jar by Sylvia Plath (1966)
086 Portnoy's Complaint by Philip Roth (1969)
088 Rabbit Redux by John Updike (1971)
089 Song of Solomon by Toni Morrison (1977)
090 A Bend in the River by VS Naipaul (1979)
091 Midnight’s Children by Salman Rushdie (1981)
095 The Beginning of Spring by Penelope Fitzgerald (1988)
095 The Beginning of Spring by Penelope Fitzgerald (1988)
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